POLICE ASSOCIATION OF NOVA SCOTIA 67 Learn more about drugs continued continued In nonmedical situations, fentanyl is injected, smoked, snorted or ingested in high doses, causing an experience of wellbeing (euphoria) that is followed by a period of calm lasting 1 to 2 hours. 1 Pharmaceutical grade vs illegal fentanyl. Illegal fentanyl refers to the fentanyl analogues that are designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug. Illegal fentanyl is produced in clandestine laboratories and mixed with (or substituted for) heroin, cocaine or other drugs in a powder form or pill form, and is associated with accidental overdoses and death. This type of illegal fentanyl analogue is extremely potent, much more so than prescriptiongrade fentanyl. When it is mixed with street drugs such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and MDMA, it markedly increases their potency. This is especially dangerous because people are often unaware that fentanyl has been added. The Public Health Agency of Canada reported an estimated 22, 828 Canadians died from an apparent opioidrelated overdose between January 2016 and March 2021. According to Health Canada, the major drivers of this country’s opioid crisis are illegal fentanyl and fentanyl analogues. 2 • 87% of accidental apparent opioid toxicity deaths involved fentanyl in 2021 (Jan to Mar). • 90% of accidental apparent opioid toxicity deaths from January to March 2021 involved a nonpharmaceutical opioid. Fentanyl enters the Canadian illegal drug market in three ways: 3 • illegal import from other countries • product from illegal laboratories in Canada • theft of medical fentanyl products (mainly skin patches) People who use substances, such as opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamine are experiencing a number of increased risks. Because fentanyl can not be seen, tasted or smelled when mixed with other street drugs, many aren’t aware they are consuming it. There has been a rise of over 2,000 % in street drug samples testing positive for fentanyl. Health Canada reports that the COVID19 outbreak made the already deadly and ongoing public health crisis of opioid overdoses and death even worse. Since the onset of the COVID19 pandemic, 6,946 apparent opioid toxicity deaths occurred (April 2020 to March 2021), representing an 88% increase from the same time period prior to the pandemic (April 2019 to March 2020 – 3,691 deaths). A number of factors have likely contributed to a worsening of the overdose crisis during the pandemic, including the increasingly toxic drug supply, increased feelings of isolation, stress and anxiety and limited availability or accessibility of services for people who use drugs. 4 Like other opiates, fentanyl has a sedative effect that slows down the way the body and brain function. The heart rate and breathing slows. A person may experience euphoria at first and then depression or confusion. They can have a numbing effect that produces drowsiness if a lot is taken. Constricted pupils – Opiates including fentanyl can cause the user to have constricted pupils, making them look like pinpoints or small dots. Nodding – Temporarily falling asleep at an unusual time, like while talking or standing. Covering Arms – A person may wear long sleeves even when it’s hot in order to hide needle marks. Needle Marks – If someone is injecting fentanyl, they may have needle marks on their arms, on their ankles, feet, or behind their knees.
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