POLICE ASSOCIATION OF NOVA SCOTIA 59 factor but is a combination of circumstances that can be intensified and complicated by particular life events. Poor or negative attitudes about aging and the resulting behaviours are a form of discrimination called ageism, which is frequently the root of disrespectful and abusive behaviours toward older persons. An inaccurate understanding of the needs and capabilities of older persons, insensitivity to the wishes of the older person, and additional stressors in one’s life can also lead to a variety of abusive behaviours. Oftentimes, people who exercise power over others by pressuring, threatening or taking advantage of vulnerable older persons don’t know that their behaviour or attitudes are wrong or considered abusive. Senior abuse is sometimes a continuance of existing abuse and violence which can be present in families and other relationships. This abuse can be intensified by a variety of risk factors such as a change in lifestyle (like retirement); employment or financial difficulties; disputes over property/money; physical illness; mental/psychiatric illness; addictions; lack of additional supports; isolation; changing relationships with family and/or friends; and declining lack of independence due to increasing physical frailty. Beliefs about the role and expectations of women and men, disability, race or homophobia are also causes of violations of older persons. While opinions vary on whether caregiving by a partner, relative or friend causes abuse, there is little evidence to support this notion. Lack of awareness and education about the role and expectations of caregiving as well as an inability to access or the lack of community services and supports is a significant issue for many persons giving and receiving care. The additional stresses of providing care coupled with any of the above factors may make already unhealthy relationships more strained and difficult. This creates a greater risk of abuse. Dependency can contribute to increased feelings of guilt, resentment or obligation by the person receiving care. There are also circumstances where the caregiver is dependent on the person requiring care which can affect the relationship and lead to abuse of the caregiver by the care recipient. 3. What are the different types and signs of senior abuse? This section provides more information on the different forms of abuse and how you might recognize whether abuse is occurring. While some of these signs and symptoms may be a result of other issues, they may alert you to the possibility of abuse. Consider these signs if you suspect someone is being abused. Also keep in mind that many older adults will experience more than one type of abuse at the same time. Physical Abuse Physical abuse is defined as the use of physical force that may result in bodily injury, physical pain, or impairment. Physical abuse may include such acts of violence as striking (with or without an object), hitting, beating, pushing, shoving, shaking, slapping, kicking, pinching, and burning. Inappropriate use of drugs and physical restraints, force-feeding, and physical punishment of any kind are also examples of physical abuse. Signs and symptoms of physical abuse may include but are not limited to: • bruises, black eyes, welts, lacerations, and rope marks; • bone fractures, broken bones, and skull fractures; open wounds, cuts, punctures, untreated injuries in various stages of healing; • sprains, dislocations, and internal injuries/ bleeding; • broken eyeglasses/frames, physical signs of being subjected to punishment, and signs of being restrained; • laboratory findings of medication overdose or under-utilization of prescribed drugs • an older person’s sudden change in behaviour; “doctor-hopping” where an older person frequently changes doctors or other care providers in order to avoid detection of abuse; and an older person’s report of being physically abused. About Senior Abuse . . . Continued Continued
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